Key Sources
Primary and high-signal references used in this vault. Don’t invent papers, DOIs, volumes, or prices beyond this list and the linked notes. Rule: every data claim in a note carries an outbound https://… or https://doi.org/… link, not only a [[wikilink]].
Source notes
The most-cited papers and reports each have their own note in Sources/. Each note holds the figures the vault uses from that source, where in the source each figure appears, and whether it was checked against the full text or only the abstract. Topic notes link to these notes instead of restating the numbers, and each source note’s backlinks (Obsidian’s backlinks pane, or the Backlinks section on the published site) list the notes that rely on it.
Transclude of Source-Index.base
- In Obsidian, the embed above is a live table with three views: All sources, By type, and Not checked against full text. On the published site, open the Sources folder page instead (Quartz ignores
.basefiles). - Adding a source note: create it from
content/templates/Source Note.md(point Obsidian’s Templates setting atcontent/templates), fill in the properties, and link to it from the topic notes that cite it. - Company reports with their own note: Exomad Green Corn and Bean Field Study · vineyard biochar field trial · reports Napa CASP co-composting · explains biochar plus compost practice
- Applications chapter clusters (2026-09-16): compost (Biochar Compost and Manure Blends · Co-composting Science · Farm Co-composting Practice · Compost Blend Safety · Matrix Pathways for Credits); rates (Application Rates and Methods · Field Rates by System · Incorporation Topdress Banding · Equipment and Timing · On-farm Trial Design); economics (Agronomic Economics · Cost Components · Fertilizer Displacement); GHG (GHG Fluxes · Nitrous Oxide Fluxes · Methane Fluxes · Priming and SOC Interactions)
- Industry org / standards / survey notes: US Biochar Initiative · USBI Guidance vs Vault Notes · guides farm biochar application · standardizes biochar lab testing · surveys the US biochar market
- PFAS chapter and research dump (2026-09-16): PFAS ·
/workspace/biochar-research/pfas-biochar.md - Biochar vs activated carbon (2026-09-21): Biochar vs Activated Carbon
Corrections made while building the source notes (2026-09-14)
| Cited as | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Ye et al. 2020 | DOI 10.1111/sum.12555 is a different paper | https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12546 · meta-analyzes yields with fertilizer controls |
| Archanjo et al. 2017 | DOI ending 01.038 didn’t resolve | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.037 |
| Ndoung et al. 2021 | One link used e08501, an unrelated medical paper | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08473 |
| Jaiswal et al. 2014 | DOI ending 10.047 is an unrelated priming paper | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.051 |
| Vandecasteele et al. 2016 | DOI ending 11.059 is a paper on VOCs in surface coatings | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.045 |
| ”Gale 2021” post-processing meta-analysis | Crossref lists the author as Thomas | Thomas (2021) — https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-021-00115-0 |
| ”Marschner et al. 2022” N-uptake review | Crossref lists the authors as Rasse et al. | Rasse et al. (2022) — https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05365-w |
| ”Fuss et al. 2026” | The chapter has two authors | CDR costs and potentials |
| Wang et al. 2016 | Cited for “short-term positive priming”; the paper found negative priming in short studies | meta-analyzes stability and priming |
| Jia et al. 2023 | Called “field-focused”; it pools lab, pot and field studies | global GHG and yield patterns |
| Kammann et al. 2015 | ”+305%” and “3–5 g NO₃⁻-N kg⁻¹” | Up to 305% of the control; ~2.1–5.2 g kg⁻¹ depending on method — shows co-compost nitrate capture |
| Earth Foundries report | ”10% biochar” | 10% by volume — reports Napa CASP co-composting |
| Quilliam et al. 2013 clover caveat | Comes from a different Quilliam paper | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1411-4 |
Live link directory (bookmark)
Prefer these live pages for markets, pricing, registries, and standards.
Literature without a source note
Each entry appears once. Author names, years, and journals match Crossref as of 2026-09-14. Papers and reports that have a source note are in the index above, not here.
Science: foundations, permanence, CDR potential
- Glaser et al. (2001). Terra preta as a model for tropical agriculture. Naturwissenschaften. 10.1007/s001140000193
- Lehmann, Gaunt & Rondon (2006). Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change. 10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5
- Lehmann (2007). A handful of carbon. Nature. 10.1038/447143a
- Gaunt & Lehmann (2008). Energy balance and emissions of biochar vs bioenergy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10.1021/es071361i
- Cheng et al. (2008). Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.010
- Roberts et al. (2010). Life cycle assessment of biochar systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10.1021/es902266r
- Woolf et al. (2010). Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat. Commun. 10.1038/ncomms1053
- Keiluweit et al. (2010). Dynamic molecular structure of biochar. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10.1021/es9031419
- Spokas (2010). Biochar stability and O:C molar ratios. Carbon Management. 10.4155/cmt.10.32
- Zimmerman (2010). Abiotic and microbial oxidation of biochar. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10.1021/es903140c
- Major et al. (2010). Fate of soil-applied black carbon. Glob. Change Biol. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02044.x
- Zimmerman et al. (2011). Positive and negative priming among biochar-amended soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.005
- Cross & Sohi (2011). Priming potential of biochar and labile carbon. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.06.016
- Weng et al. (2017). Biochar built soil carbon over a decade by stabilizing rhizodeposits. Nat. Clim. Change. 10.1038/nclimate3276
- Azzi et al. (2024). Modelling long-term biochar carbon storage from harmonized decomposition data. Geoderma. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116761
- Weng & Cowie (2025). Gigaton-scale mitigation potential of biochar. Commun. Earth Environ. 10.1038/s43247-025-02228-x
- Schmidt et al. (2025). Biochar permanence — a policy commentary. GCB Bioenergy. 10.1111/gcbb.70092
Production, contaminants, and testing (expanded 2026-09-16)
- Keiluweit et al. (2010). Dynamic molecular structure of biochar. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10.1021/es9031419
- Spokas (2010). O:C molar ratios and biochar stability. Carbon Management. 10.4155/cmt.10.32
- Cornelissen et al. (2016). Kon-Tiki kiln emissions and char quality. PLOS ONE. 10.1371/journal.pone.0154617
- Hansen et al. (2015). Gasification biochar as co-product. Biomass Bioenergy. 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.11.010
- Longendyke et al. (2022). PFAS thermal destruction review. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts. 10.1039/D1EM00465D
- McNamara et al. (2023). PFAS transfer to py-liquid. Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 10.1039/D2EW00677D
- Winchell et al. (2024). PFAS through pyrolysis + thermal oxidation. Water Environ. Res. 10.1002/wer.11149
- Rathnayake et al. (2025). PFAS fate in biosolids pyrolysis/co-pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.106970
- Sørmo et al. (2023). PFAS decomposition and emission factors across contaminated organic wastes. J. Hazard. Mater. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131447
- Hušek et al. (2024). Target PFAS and organic-fluorine removal from sludge and sand by pyrolysis. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-024-00322-5
- McNamara et al. (2026). Initial concentration and pyrolysis efficiency control solid PFAS removal. Water Environ. Res. 10.1002/wer.70352
- Edirisinghe et al. (2026). Complementary analysis of fluorinated organics in biosolids-pyrolysis byproducts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10.1021/acs.est.5c17517
- Sørmo et al. (2021). Activated-biochar stabilization of PFAS-contaminated soil. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144034
- Holly et al. (2024). PFAS leaching from biosolids and mitigation with biochar in undisturbed columns. ACS ES&T Water. 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00414
- EPA Method 1633A (2024), 40 PFAS in aqueous, solid, biosolids, and tissue matrices. PDF
- EBC Guidelines 10.5E (2025-08-14). PDF
- ANSI/ASABE/USBI S668 NOV2025ED. PDF · standardizes biochar lab testing
- Phyllis2 biomass database. https://phyllis.nl/
Activated carbon comparison (added 2026-09-21; checked against Crossref)
- Fitzer et al. (1995). Recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid (IUPAC Recommendations 1995). Pure Appl. Chem. 10.1351/pac199567030473 · Gold Book: activated carbon
- Ippolito et al. (2020). Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x
- Gale et al. (2021). Physiochemical properties of biochar and activated carbon from biomass residue: influence of process conditions to adsorbent properties. ACS Omega. 10.1021/acsomega.1c00530 — a different paper from the mis-cited “Gale 2021” in the corrections table above (that one is Thomas 2021)
- Mopoung & Dejang (2021). Activated carbon preparation from eucalyptus wood chips using continuous carbonization–steam activation process in a batch intermittent rotary kiln. Sci. Rep. 10.1038/s41598-021-93249-x
- Wei & Li (2021). Wooden activated carbon production for dioxin removal via a two-step process of carbonization coupled with steam activation from biomass wastes. ACS Omega. 10.1021/acsomega.0c06032
- Gęca et al. (2022). Biochars and activated carbons as adsorbents of inorganic and organic compounds from multicomponent systems: a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102687
- Alhashimi & Aktas (2017). Life cycle environmental and economic performance of biochar compared with activated carbon: a meta-analysis. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.016
- Shaheen et al. (2022). Performance, life cycle assessment, and economic comparison between date palm waste biochar and activated carbon derived from woody biomass. Heliyon. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12388
- Li et al. (2025). Life cycle sustainability assessment of activated carbon production technologies in China: coal-derived versus biomass-derived pathways. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c04447
- Inyang & Dickenson (2015). The potential role of biochar in the removal of organic and microbial contaminants from potable and reuse water: a review. Chemosphere. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.072
- Pathy et al. (2023). Activation methods increase biochar’s potential for heavy-metal adsorption and environmental remediation: a global meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161252
- Kabiri et al. (2026). Effect of physical, chemical, and biological aging on activated carbon and biochar properties and PFAS immobilisation in soils. J. Hazard. Mater. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142258
- Kookana (2010). The role of biochar in modifying the environmental fate, bioavailability, and efficacy of pesticides in soils: a review. Soil Research. 10.1071/sr10007
- Clay et al. (2016). Maize, switchgrass, and ponderosa pine biochar added to soil increased herbicide sorption and decreased herbicide efficacy. J. Environ. Sci. Health B. 10.1080/03601234.2016.1170540
- Svejcar et al. (2024). A test of activated carbon and soil seed enhancements for improved sub-shrub and grass seedling survival with and without herbicide application. Plants. 10.3390/plants13213074
- EPA (2024). Treatment options for removing PFAS from drinking water (fact sheet, April 2024). PDF
- Verra VM0044 v1.2 clean text (effective 2025-06-27). PDF
- Puro Biochar Methodology, Edition 2025 (version 2). PDF
Soil, yields, water and economics
- Galinato et al. (2011). Economic value of biochar in crop production and carbon sequestration. Energy Policy. 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.035
- Biederman & Harpole (2013). Biochar, plant productivity and nutrient cycling meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy. 10.1111/gcbb.12037
- Reverchon et al. (2015). Acacia–biochar system for mine-site rehabilitation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 10.1007/s11356-014-3451-1
- Omondi et al. (2016). Biochar and soil hydrological properties meta-analysis. Geoderma. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.03.029
- Blanco-Canqui (2017). Biochar and soil physical properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 10.2136/sssaj2017.01.0017
- Latawiec et al. (2019). Biochar on degraded pastures in Brazil. Sci. Rep. 10.1038/s41598-019-47647-x
- Razzaghi et al. (2020). Does biochar improve soil water retention? Geoderma. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114055
- Wei et al. (2023). Soil texture and biochar-driven water retention. Geoderma. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116591
GHG fluxes
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Cayuela et al. (2013). Biochar and denitrification in soils. Sci. Rep. 10.1038/srep01732
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Cayuela et al. (2015). Molar H:C_org ratio as a key factor in N₂O mitigation. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.015
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Jeffery et al. (2016). Biochar effects on methane emissions from soils: a meta-analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.021
Nutrients and biochar-based fertilizers
- Silber et al. (2010). pH-dependent mineral release from biochar. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10.1021/es101283d
- Taghizadeh-Toosi et al. (2012). Biochar-adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable. Plant Soil. 10.1007/s11104-011-0870-3
- Taghizadeh-Toosi et al. (2012). Low-temperature wood biochar captures NH₃-N from ruminant urine. Plant Soil. 10.1007/s11104-011-1010-9
- Bruun et al. (2012). Slow vs fast pyrolysis biochar and soil C/N turnover. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.11.019
- Clough et al. (2013). Biochar and soil nitrogen dynamics review. Agronomy. 10.3390/agronomy3020275
- Nguyen et al. (2017). Biochar and soil inorganic N meta-analysis. Geoderma. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.11.004
- Zheng et al. (2017). Biochar compound fertilizer in maize. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.034
- Hagemann et al. (2017). Organic coating explains biochar nutrient retention. Nat. Commun. 10.1038/s41467-017-01123-0
- Hagemann et al. (2017). Nitrate capture and slow release in biochar-amended compost and soil. PLOS ONE. 10.1371/journal.pone.0171214
- Archanjo et al. (2017). Nanoscale analyses of field-aged and co-composted biochar surfaces. Geoderma. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.037
- Joseph et al. (2018). Microstructural and chemical changes when composting high-temperature biochar. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.200
- Hestrin et al. (2019). Fire-derived organic matter retains ammonia through covalent bonds. Nat. Commun. 10.1038/s41467-019-08401-z
- Ippolito et al. (2020). Feedstock and pyrolysis temperature effects on biochar characteristics. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x
- Jindo et al. (2020). Biochar in soil N, P and K cycles (circular economy review, part 1). Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 10.1186/s40538-020-00182-8
- Shi et al. (2020). Biochar-bound urea boosts growth and cuts N leaching. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134424
- Puga et al. (2020). Biochar-based N fertilizers: emissions, use efficiency and maize yield. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135375
- Lustosa Filho et al. (2020). Aging of biochar-based fertilizers and P pools. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136028
- Chew et al. (2020). Biochar-based fertilizer and rice root membrane potential. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136431
- Carneiro et al. (2021). Long-term biochar-based fertilizer use in tropical soil. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143955
- Luo et al. (2021). Mg-enriched biochar fertilizer and slow release. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144454
- Jia et al. (2021). Biochar-coated urea and N use efficiency. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 10.1186/s40538-020-00205-4
- Ghodszad et al. (2021). Biochar and the fate of phosphorus review. Chemosphere. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131176
- Ndoung et al. (2021). Biochar-based fertilizer enrichment scoping review. Heliyon. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08473 · PMC8646155
- Thomas (2021). Post-processing biochar to improve plant growth: review and meta-analysis. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-021-00115-0
- Gao et al. (2022). Biochar-based nitrogen fertilizers critical review. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-022-00160-3
- Rasse et al. (2022). Biochar-based fertilizers and plant N uptake: sorption limits. Plant Soil. 10.1007/s11104-022-05365-w
- Luo et al. (2025). Biochar-based fertilizers: advancements and future directions. Agronomy. 10.3390/agronomy15051104
- Kohira et al. (2026). Biochar–nitrogen interactions under inorganic vs organic fertilization. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181941
Composting
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Steiner et al. (2010). Biochar reduces N loss in poultry litter composting. J. Environ. Qual. 10.2134/jeq2009.0337
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Jindo et al. (2012). Biochar-blended composts from poultry manure. Bioresour. Technol. 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120
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Vandecasteele et al. (2016). Biochar added before vs after composting. J. Environ. Manage. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.045
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Li et al. (2016). N₂O from biochar-amended composting and denitrifier genes. AMB Express. 10.1186/s13568-016-0208-x
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Sanchez-Monedero et al. (2018). Biochar as an additive in organic waste composting. Bioresour. Technol. 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.193
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Sánchez-Monedero et al. (2019). Biochar, compost and biochar-blended compost across cropping systems. Agronomy. 10.3390/agronomy9050225
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Yin et al. (2021). Biochar and GHG emissions during composting review. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149294
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Li et al. (2025). Biochar amendments mitigate trace gas emissions in organic waste composting: a meta-analysis. Nitrogen Cycling. 10.48130/nc-0025-0003
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Holistic compost maturation meta (2025). Biochar amendment effects on compost maturation. Biochar. 10.48130/bchax-0025-0005
Microbes and soil biology
- Lehmann et al. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota — a review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022
- Jaiswal et al. (2014). Rhizoctonia suppression in cucumber by biochar temperature, feedstock and dose. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.051
- Yu et al. (2021). Bacterial N-cycling traits along a charosphere gradient. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108420
- Singh et al. (2022). Biochar, soil properties, microbial diversity and productivity meta-analysis. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1
- Yang et al. (2022). Biochar and plant disease suppression meta-analysis. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-022-00164-z
- Malik et al. (2022). Co-applied biochar and PGPR review. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 10.1186/s40538-022-00327-x
- Bolan et al. (2023). Biochar as a microbial carrier. Sci. Total Environ. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163968
- Medeiros et al. (2023). Biochar and bacterial plant diseases meta-analysis. Bioscience Journal. 10.14393/bj-v39n0a2023-67325
- Ran et al. (2023). Charosphere hotspots with and without N additions. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-023-00247-5
- Cui et al. (2023). Earthworm activity responses to biochar. Biochar. 10.1007/s42773-023-00287-x
- Li et al. (2024). Biochar and soil fauna communities meta-analysis. Soil Use Manage. 10.1111/sum.13096
- Li Lanruo et al. (2026). Biochar with biological control against soil-borne disease. Appl. Soil Ecol. 10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106613
- Biochar–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi synergies, systematic review. PeerJ. https://peerj.com/articles/21336/
Product standards and commercial products
- European Biochar Certificate (EBC) — https://www.european-biochar.org/
- IBI Biochar Standards — https://biochar-international.org/
- Carbon Gold Enriched Biochar (marketing page) — https://www.carbongold.com/biochar-soil-improver/
- Wakefield CarbonBoost (marketing page) — https://wakefieldbiochar.com/products/wakefield-biochar-with-carbonboost-premium-soil-conditioner/
Carbon markets — Puro.earth (primary)
- Puro Biochar Methodology Edition 2025 v2 PDF — https://7518557.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/7518557/Puro%20Biochar%20Methodology%20-%20Edition%202025%20%28version%202%29%20-%20For%20Publication.pdf (approved 2025-11-27)
- Puro Biochar Edition 2025 transition plan — https://7518557.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/7518557/Biochar%20Public%20Consultation%202025/03_Methodology%20Transition%20Plan%20for%20Biochar%20Edition%202025.pdf (2025-08-10)
- Puro permanence science — https://puro.earth/insights/post/biochar-permanence/ (2025-07-03)
- Puro retail use methodology update (R3 / v2) — https://puro.earth/insights/post/354-puro-earth-biochar-methodology-update-a-collaborative-step-forward-for-retail-use/ (2025-12-03)
- Puro CORC indexes — https://puro.earth/buy-carbon-credits/removal-certificate-corc/carbon-removal-indexes/
- Puro fees / supplier journey — https://puro.earth/certified-carbon-credits/fees/
- Puro Standard overview — https://puro.earth/cdr-infrastructure/methodologies/puro-standard/
- Puro Registry — https://registry.puro.earth/
- Puro document library — https://puro.earth/document-library
- Puro persistence model (GitHub) — https://github.com/puro-earth/PuroBiocharPersistenceEdition2025
- Puro Validation & Verification Requirements v1.3 — https://7518557.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/7518557/Supplier%20Documents/Validation%20and%20Verification%20Requirements%20v1.3.pdf
- Puro CORC page — https://puro.earth/buy-carbon-credits/removal-certificate-corc/
- Puro Microsoft CORC post — https://puro.earth/insights/post/microsoft/
- Puro half-decade post — https://puro.earth/insights/post/puro-celebrates-half-a-decade/
- ICVCM confirms Puro CCP-Eligible (program v4.2+) — https://www.icvcm.org/integrity-council-confirms-carbon-crediting-program-puro-earth-as-ccp-eligible/ (2025-12-11)
- Nasdaq acquires majority stake in Puro.earth — https://ir.nasdaq.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nasdaq-acquires-emerging-carbon-removal-market-puroearth (2021-06-01)
- Fortum launches Puro marketplace (2019) — https://www.fortum.com/en/media/2019/04/worlds-first-marketplace-co2-removals-launched-reverse-climate-change
- Fortum partners with Nasdaq on Puro (2021) — https://www.fortum.com/en/media/2021/06/fortum-partners-nasdaq-accelerate-growth-carbon-removal-marketplace-puroearth
Vault Puro cluster: Puro.earth Overview · Puro CORC200+ · Puro Biochar Methodology Edition 2025 · Puro Project Cycle and MRV · Puro Pricing and CORC Indexes · Puro vs Other Standards
Carbon markets — other methodologies and registries
- Verra VM0044 v1.2 — https://verra.org/methodologies/vm0044-biochar-utilization-in-soil-and-non-soil-applications-v1-2/ (active 2025-06-27)
- Verra minor revision — https://verra.org/verra-publishes-minor-revision-to-biochar-methodology/ (2025-06-27)
- ICVCM CCP decision M43 VM0044 v1.2 — https://icvcm.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/M43_VCS_VM0044_v1.2_2025.pdf (Board 2025-07-24)
- Verra ICVCM endorsement announcement — https://verra.org/verras-biochar-and-forest-management-approaches-endorsed-by-icvcm-as-high-integrity-solutions/
- Isometric Biochar Protocol v1.3 — https://registry.isometric.com/protocol/biochar/1.3
- Isometric Soil Storage Module v1.3 — https://registry.isometric.com/module/biochar-storage-soil-environments/1.3
- CSI Global Biochar C-Sink 3.3 — https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000039EN.pdf (2026-06-09)
- CSI formulas & emission factors PDF — https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000115EN.pdf
- CSI matrix positive list — https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000078EN.pdf
- CSI Global Biochar C-Sink service page — https://www.carbon-standards.com/en/standards/service-501~global-biochar-c-sink.html
- Global C-Sink Registry — https://global-c-registry.org/
- CSI Global Artisan C-Sink 2.1A — https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000136EN.pdf
- CSI CS-BCR 0.7 (EU CRCF) — https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000289EN.pdf
- ICVCM CSI Global C-Sink program application — https://icvcm.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Global-C-Sink-Copy-of-application_2026_05_18.pdf
- EBC Standard 10.5E — https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000093EN.pdf
- EU Delegated Reg. 2026/285 — https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32026R0285
Vault CSI cluster: CSI Global Biochar C-Sink · CSI Overview · CSI GPC vs SPC Permanence Classes · CSI MRV and Emission Portfolio · Product Standards EBC IBI
Market data — trackers and indexes
- ABI 2025 United States Biochar Market Report — https://biochar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/2025-United-States-Biochar-Market-Report.pdf · surveys the US biochar market (physical production / revenue survey; not CDR.fyi deliveries)
- CDR.fyi Biochar Snapshot 2025 — https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/biochar-carbon-removal-market-snapshot-2025 (2025-09-09)
- CDR.fyi 2024 Year in Review — https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/2024-year-in-review (2025-02-14)
- CDR.fyi 2026 Q1 Durable CDR Update — https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/2026-q1-durable-cdr-market-update-from-promise-to-proof (2026-05-18)
- CDR.fyi Carba–Microsoft deal alert — https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/cdr-deal-alert-2025-04-24-carba-microsoft (2025-04-24)
- Puro CORC indexes (CORCX / CORCCHAR) — https://puro.earth/buy-carbon-credits/removal-certificate-corc/carbon-removal-indexes/
Market data — deal primary sources
- Carbonfuture / Microsoft / Exomad (32 kt+) — https://www.carbonfuture.com/project-showcase/carbonfuture-announces-innovative-offtake-collaboration-with-exomad-green-and-microsoft-for-large-scale-biochar-carbon-removal (2023-12-13)
- Exomad Green / Microsoft (1.24 Mt) — https://www.exomadgreen.com/post/exomad-green-announces-world-s-largest-biochar-carbon-removal-agreement-with-microsoft-tracked-by-c (2025-05-21)
- Google / Varaha & Charm biochar — https://blog.google/feed/were-announcing-our-first-partnerships-to-scale-biochar-for-co2-removal/ (2025-01-16)
- Carba / Microsoft (44 kt, Isometric) — https://carba.com/press/carba-announces-5-year-carbon-removal-credit-purchase-agreement-with-microsoft (2025-04-24)
- Liferaft / Microsoft (1 Mt) — https://www.liferaft.cc/news/liferaft-microsoft-announcement (2026-03-24)
- Supercritical / Liferaft–Microsoft — https://gosupercritical.com/resources/press/liferaft-microsoft-offtake
- Altitude / Empacar (>305 kt CORCs) — https://www.altitudecarbon.com/news/altitude-partners-with-empacar (2026-03-23)
- AMP / Google (200 kt) — https://ampsortation.com/articles/google-biochar-carbon-credits (2026-03-17)
- Supercritical / Exomad (up to 500 kt) — https://gosupercritical.com/resources/press/exomad-green-supercritical-agreement (2026-04-16)
- Exomad / Supercritical companion post — https://www.exomadgreen.com/post/exomad-green-and-supercritical-sign-500-000-tonne-biochar-agreement
Vault market cluster: Market Hub · Market Volumes and Pricing · Buyers and Offtakes · Historical Deals · Price Indexes and Benchmarks · Supply Landscape · Durable CDR Quality Tiers
Company field trials — related material
- Exomad/CIAT corn and bean trial: Exomad Green Corn and Bean Field Study · Exomad R&D page
- Press: Bioenergy International 2025-07-04 · Carbon Herald 2025-07-04
- CIAT — Centro de Investigación Agrícola Tropical (Santa Cruz, Bolivia) — https://www.ciatbo.org/
- Other Exomad field-study PDFs (not yet summarized): Sorghum, Yacuiba · La Rivera, Concepción
Vault entry points
- Biochar Home · Science Hub · Applications Hub · Carbon Markets Hub · Market Hub · Industry Hub · US Biochar Initiative · Policy Hub
- Numbers cheat sheet: Quantitative Benchmarks
Verra VM0044 & Isometric deep-dive (2026-09-16)
Research dumps (box): /workspace/biochar-research/verra-vm0044-deep-dive.md, /workspace/biochar-research/isometric-biochar-deep-dive.md.
Vault notes: Verra VM0044 · Isometric Biochar Protocol · Verra vs Isometric vs Puro
CSI / EBC C-Sink deep-dive (2026-09-16)
Research dump (box): /workspace/biochar-research/csi-c-sink-deep-dive.md. Local PDFs: /workspace/biochar-research/csi-pdfs/.
| Source | URL |
|---|---|
| Global Biochar C-Sink 3.3 | https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000039EN.pdf |
| Formulas & EFs | https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000115EN.pdf |
| Matrix positive list | https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000078EN.pdf |
| Service page | https://www.carbon-standards.com/en/standards/service-501~global-biochar-c-sink.html |
| Artisan 2.1A | https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000136EN.pdf |
| CS-BCR 0.7 | https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000289EN.pdf |
| EBC 10.5E | https://www.carbon-standards.com/docs/transfer/4000093EN.pdf |
| Global C-Sink Registry | https://global-c-registry.org/ |
| ICVCM CSI application | https://icvcm.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Global-C-Sink-Copy-of-application_2026_05_18.pdf |
| EU CRCF Delegated Reg. 2026/285 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32026R0285 |
| Schmidt et al. 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.70092 |
| Sanei et al. 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2023.104409 |